As the scale of formal education has increased, so too has the scale of testing, to the point where it has become a giant business. Hundreds of millions of dollars are being spent on traditional ...

Educational assessment seeks to determine how well students are learning and is an integral part of the quest for improved education. It provides feedback to students, educators, parents, policy ...

Students often draw upon a diverse set of prior understanding and experiences when attempting to explain phenomena. Formative assessment allows teachers to better understand students’ alternative ...

Ethical issues in educational assessment have become increasingly significant as schools and educational authorities seek fairness, accountability, and credibility in evaluation processes. This paper ...

Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT have fundamentally disrupted traditional notions of assessment in education. When a machine can generate essays, solve complex problems, and even mimic ...

Visit NAP.edu/10766 to get more information about this book, to buy it in print, or to download it as a free PDF. Three important caveats should be borne in mind when reading this chapter. First, the ...